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	Basic Principle of VoIP Communications. VoIP, Voice over Internet Protocol, has been in existence for a number of years. In the past primarily used on closed networks between two points, usually served by a dedicated point to point line. During the past decade this has gradually been introduced to the Internet as we know it today. There are many technical issues in being able to transmit voice over IP which is beyond the scope of this explanation. To simplify how VoIP works, one needs to accept a few basics. One of which is the gathering of data into a set size ( called a packet ) which is then transmitted via a modem or router over the Internet. These packets have a fixed structure and are made up of various parts. One such part of each packet is used to identify the type of packet, for instance, a simple pure data packet or a more complex voice packet. Both voice and data packets travel together across the same link between two locations using the Internet as the medium for getting the packets from the source to their destination. However this is not secure as anyone wanting to, could intercept these packets and re-assemble them to eaves-drop on the communicating parties. To stop this eaves-dropping, a method of encrypting the content of the packets was developed. Not only can packets be encrypted, but the packets are sent through a pre-established secure “tunnel” between the two points. Having created the tunnel, we can also compress these packets and squeeze more data and or voice into one packet, thereby increasing the speed at which the data is transferred. Another innovation is for the routing equipment to recognize the type of packet being transmitted and to prioritize the re-assembly of a particular packet type giving these packets priority over the others. This is why it is important to ensure the correct equipment is used for the intended purpose of the communication. One such item is the router which must be able to pass the data seamlessly without interfering with the packets thereby eliminating the unnecessary re-transmission requests for missing packets thus slowing down the whole process, which in the case of voice packets, degrades the quality of the voice transmission.
	How it works. Using the above technology we can now successfully make Internet calls from any location to another either from one dedicated point to another or from one point to various other points and vice versa. The principle is identical which ever the requirement is, the only difference being point to point Internet connections are predetermined by the routing program of the routers, the service provider and the software configuration. Using the same equipment and software with slightly different software configuration, a "one-to-many" locations is accomplished. A simple explanation of how "one-to-many" calls are made: 1. A route needs to be established. This route is then serviced by an Internet Service Provider, and is the base through which the communication is carried - "The Normal Internet". 2. A secure connection is established across the Internet between the two points and operates best if always available, which means it does not need to be established each time a call is made. There is no reason why the "Secure Tunnel" cannot be established for each connection, typically this would happen when a permanent connection to the Internet is not available. 3. At the source of the call, the calling party, sends data packets (excluding voice) which are created telling the router at source where and how to connect to the called party router - "The Dialing Process". 4. Once correctly routed and the connection is established - "The Call Answered", the source and destination computers then switch to voice packets and the "sounds" at both ends are digitized and transmitted bi-directionally over this connection. 5.While all this is happening, the routers and computers at both ends are continuously checking with each other that all packets are received in the correct order and will request any missing packets to be resent. At the same time compressing and uncompressing the packets and maintaining the integrity of the secure connection.

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